However, judging from the relative increase in model likelihood when unlinking topologies compared to e.g., adding parameters for rate variation, we would anticipate components in the substitution model (for example, allowing rate variation among lineages) to have more effects on accommodating incongruence in the data.
In the case of our simulations, the number of possible sources of bias was diminished (for example, the substitution model used to simulate the data was used also when testing, and no heterogeneity among the sites was introduced).
To assess fuel substitution, for example, the substitution factor is calculated from the difference in emissions between fossil fuels (e.g. defined mix) and wood, based on the carbon content of the wood utilized [14,39,40].
A cascading utilisation of long-lasting wood products for material and energetic substitution, for example, can contribute to reduction targets of other sectors, and by this, might have an impact on adapted forest management schemes and incentivise climate-investments.
The larger T184L and S202I substitutions are examples that sterically affect the YMDD loop position.
The determination of the 14C content of various tissues may be used to assess turnover rates and degree of substitution (for example for brain cell DNA).
To assess fuel substitution, for example, the substitution factor is calculated from the difference in emissions between fossil fuels (e.g. defined mix) and wood, based on the carbon content of the wood utilized [ 14, 39, 40].
Activities of variants designed in this way are also shown in Figure 4 (variants 3 10 through 3 16, blue bars, substitution weight example in Figure 3B).
The underlying approach proposes the curing of various diseases by regenerating nonfunctioning cells, diseased tissues or organs via biological substitution, for example by using cultured tissue from an ex vivo source or via stimulation of the patient's regenerative processes.
The site of glucuronidation (Fig. 6) is generally an electron-rich nucleophilic heteroatom (O, N, S), in rare cases activated carbon with suitable neighboring substitution, for example 1,3-dicarbonyl drugs sulfinpyrazone and phenylbutazone [ 153].
