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Substitution effects predominate.
For simplification, past substitution effects were ignored.
These results could reflect some substitution effects.
Furthermore, both systems also give rise to input substitution effects.
Emission reductions per unit biomass can generally be enhanced if material substitution effects and energy substitution effects attributed to HWPs are combined.
Limited deadweight and substitution effects, displacement → Strengthen LM attachment Keep LM attachment in recessions.
In this scenario, the manufacturing releases and substitution effects of mechanical and chemical pulp were zero.
Furthermore, most studies did not investigate possible substitution effects between alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages.
More sophisticated utilization of timber results in higher displacement factors and thus increasing substitution effects.
This effect can also be separated into income and substitution effects (Frank, 2008).
Still negative effects associated with substitution effects prevail within an important group of governorates.
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