Sentence examples for substitution by which from inspiring English sources

The most successful strategy was asymmetric substitution, by which it was possible to produce materials with a nematic onset temperature below 100 °C.

Substitution by which single or multiple transgenes can be efficiently integrated into target sites, resulting in single nucleotide substitution and gene knock-in, have been successfully applied in mice [ 38] and zebrafish [ 39].

The substitutions by which the species and the genetic groups were differentiated are shown in Table 1.

Another unintended effect of ALMPs is the substitution effect, by which incentives to employers are generated to substitute one skill-class of workers for another one to do the same jobs due to a change in the respective relative labor-costs.

This study presents the results of G-type experiments at one condition of temperature and pressure, namely 1050 °C and 3 GPa, which confirm the identities of the four main substitution mechanisms by which water is likely to be incorporated into mainstream mantle olivines.

Though Sun et al. claimed that these schemes are quite secure against the forward forgery, we find that they suffered from substitution attacks, by which the signer can backward/forward forge signatures and the time-stamping service can also forge signatures.

The investigator must specify the parameters of all ϕ = (ϕ 1, 1, …, ϕ Y, k Y ) substitution models by which the alignments evolved along the G = (G 1, 1, …, G Y, k Y ) gene trees.

The efficacy of mTOR blockade is related to the reversal of enhanced Ca2+ signalling through the T-cell receptor, which is attributed to the lysosomal degradation of CD4 and CD3ζ and their substitution by FcεRIγ which, in turn, are regulated by the small GTPase HRES-1/Rab4 through endosomal traffic.

Because of the flower-like structure and partial substitution by sulfide, which provides large reaction surface area and more flexible structure, Mn-Co oxysufide electrode with excellent electrochemical performances would have great prospect for energy storage device applications.

The experimental research included 10 asphalt mixtures with partial natural aggregate substitution by RCA, which ranged from 15%to45%5% of fine (⩽4 mm), coarse (4/22.4 mm) and both fine and coarse aggregate.

This Supplementary Online Data shows that the modified GK molecule retains its unique biochemical features with one exception: the activation of GK-W99R/W167F/W257F by GKAs is rendered glucose-independent as a result of the Trp substitution by arginine which makes the allosteric drug receptor site of the enzyme freely accessible to GKAs.