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But in the process of reforming state-owned enterprises, the initial call for "cutting down staff and increasing efficiency" was turned into "substituting staff and increasing efficiency", that is to say, by turning staff into migrant workers, one is able to reduce the cost of labour.
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This can be achieved by enhancing the role or skills of a particular staff group, substituting one staff member for another, delegating tasks previously performed by one staff group to another or introducing new types of staff [ 9].
By substituting trained staff members for physicians, standardizing processes and improving information technology, it has been able to make care more efficient without any adverse effect on patient outcomes.
They can do this without prior notice or the courtesy of providing substitute staff.
Dovlo (44) suggests calculating 'the costs of training and the loss of contribution to the GDP and taxes, the costs of illness/morbidity caused or aggravated by staff shortages, and costs arising from substituting less qualified staff or importing expatriates to fill the vacant posts' (page 5).
Dinkins, disbanded a 66-member oversight staff, substituting a cooperative process with more cursory evaluations.
But here's a case of crude, obvious labour-market abuse by employers substituting cheaper foreign staff.
Entergy plans to keep Indian Point 3 running if a strike is held, with the plant's management staff substituting for maintenance and operations workers.
We also know that the experience of using what Dovlo has called 'mid-level cadres' to substitute for those staff is positive.
On the basis of those experiences we also believe that in some patients and circumstances a major involvement of family doctors substituting the institutional follow-up staff is necessary.
Lost in the moment, they dashed over to the far touchline to bring their substitutes and staff into the celebrations while Gibraltar's players regrouped to kick off.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com