Fadel Gheit, senior energy analyst for Oppenheimer & Co., says perception once again is substituting for reality, with speculators driving up the market to levels that are "unjustifiable".
They are also encouraging American citizens to substitute psychic reality for external reality.
Visual images were central to the culture that Boorstin was attacking, but by the term "image" he meant something all-encompassing, something like a substitute reality.
The quest for a substitute reality is also a variety of fragile artifice, and Saul Bellow says as much in a letter, from 1948, that's one of the most brilliant, revealing, and dynamic passages of Zachary Leader's majestic biography of the novelist.
The perceptions created to convey the illusions of strength and invulnerability became a substitute reality to which all others defaulted.
Subsequently, throughout most of his adult life, Romand defied the constraints of truth, acting as both author and main character in the personal fiction that he substituted for reality.
In time, the barriers separating the real and the imaginary dissolve like paper in water, as Dr. Chiba, Konakawa and a spritelike woman called Paprika — who springs into view whenever Dr. Chiba happens to be around — slip deeper into their substitute realities.
Mirrors or mental imagery can be substituted by virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality (AR) systems.
It is not yet clear how early and often Enron substituted fantasy for reality in its reports to shareholders.
Egyptian soldiers, many of whom were illiterate, were weakened by disdainful, corrupt officers, often afraid to tell unwelcome truths to their superiors, and by a tragic Egyptian tendency to substitute wish for reality.
