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We give examples of governments endorsing certifications or using certification to support their own policies; governments creating enabling conditions for hybrid instruments to mature, allowing for wider adoption; and private instruments reinforcing public regulations or substituting for missing or weak governance.
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Moreover, as was shown for the σB-dependent promoters Ppqo (Šilar et al. 2016) and Pfba, σA is able to partially substitute for missing σB in ∆sigB strain.
On this basis the mean score was substituted for missing values on each question.
DAS28-ESR values directly reported by the investigator were used to substitute for missing DAS28-3 ESR values.
It is also hypothesised that pets may substitute for missing attachment figure(s).
And while volunteers helped substitute for missing teachers, education quality suffered.
No variable in the public cohort was missing greater than 3.1% of responses so means were substituted for missing values, preserving 829 public records for analysis.
Because few data were missing for the SF-36 dimensions and the study sample was large, we did not substitute for missing data (see Figure 1).
A person-specific and scale-specific mean of nonmissing items was substituted for missing items if ≤50% of the items on the particular scale were missing.
In the case of missing data, measurements from the same study period were carried forward to substitute for missing end-of-period values.
Various types of such implants are widely used today to substitute for missing teeth and to act as supporting retentive structures or anchorage devices [ 7, 12– 16].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com