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And if there is slow growth or no growth in liquid fuels or electricity, any greener substitutes — electricity from wind, ethanol from wood chips — could displace a dirtier incumbent fuel.
Support systems for electricity from renewable energy sources (RES-E) can reduce electricity prices which have also been influenced by a CO2 emission trading scheme (ETS): Additional RES-E substitutes electricity from fossil fuels, and thus CO2-emissions are reduced.
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The substituted electricity uses the national electricity grid thermal fuel mix.
However, in some circumstances, energy recovery of plastic waste in MSW incinerators can result in a net increase in CO2 emissions due to substituted electricity and heat production [27].
You can't simply substitute electricity for the heat value of displaced oil.
We also found several nuances, such as the varying associations with male education (positive for ICSs, negative for clean fuel), an inconclusive result on price of substitutes (LPG, electricity), and the limited study of credit access.
Second, there is no substitute for electricity.
The idea is to allow a driver to substitute grid electricity, at about 3 cents a mile, for gasoline at three or four times that price.
Generally, the GHG emission can be reduced by 99, 74, 49 and 25%% by substituting grid electricity with wind generated electricity by 100, 75, 50 and 25%%, respectively (Fig. 4).
Therefore, clusters of individually owned wind turbines appear to substitute grid electricity.
In India, most of the wind power projects are grid connected and substitute grid electricity.
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