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Two patients (12.5 %) needed additional artificial bone graft substitutes due to insufficient local bone graft.
Calcium phosphate ceramics have long been studied as bone graft substitutes due to their similarity with the mineral constitute of bone and teeth, excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity.
Bilateral calvarial defect has been widely used as a convenient model for testing osteoconductive properties of bone substitutes due to easy handling and low morbidity by reducing the risk of damage in the superior sagittal sinus [7, 8].
Among all these materials, the hydrogels possess natural skin tissue extracellular matrix structure and are ideal skin substitutes due to their biological properties, but their poor mechanical properties and fast degradation rate hinder further applications.
However, preference of saliva substitutes due to taste, handling, and relief of oral symptoms has been discussed controversially.
Coralline minerals are biocompatible and have been used as bone substitutes due to their unique and excellent properties, such as osteoconductive quality and high-speed in bone resorption, and since they do not transmit infectious diseases [ 5].
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It is a promising sugar substitute due to its safety and low caloric potential.
Combining biocompatible polymers and bioactive molecules, holds promising potential as a bone substitute due to its favorable osteoinductivity.
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