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In parametric analyses, we substituted the value LOD/√2 for unreported metal levels.
We substituted the value of the weighted mean of Cronbach's α or 1 when no reliability estimate was provided.
We substituted the value for upper aero-digestive tract cancers from the multi-centre European prospective study (EPIC) of 0.29% per gram per day (Boeing et al, 2006)).
In those cases we substituted the value of the detection limit for the data point; so, for cases where some samples were below detection limit, our reported averaged values are an upper bound to the true average value.
In parametric analyses, we used log-transformed values of the urinary metabolite concentrations to normalize the distribution and we substituted the value LOD/√2 for results below the limit of detection (LOD) following the CDC practice (Wolff et al. 2005).
Here we focus on analytes for which > 60% of samples were above the MDL (Windham et al. 2010); for measurements below the MDL, we substituted the value MDL divided by the square root of 2. We also conducted a sensitivity analysis excluding values from samples of low weight because this can result in high MDLs (e.g., 55 samples < 1 g or 18 samples < 0.5 g).
Similar(54)
We applied mean substitution for continuous covariates and for categorical covariates, we substituted the values of the modus.
Let substitute the value of initial condition.
Substituting the value of (T^=2.73841) in Eqs.
On substituting the value of ( P_{ Y+ S} (2) ) in Eqs.
Substituting the value A in (2.4), we get (2.2).
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