When using meta-analyses to generate combined effect estimates for sensitivity analyses, we substituted effect estimates from the main model for cohorts missing data for the sensitivity analyses.
This model also implies a certain logic of substitution that we still live with: energy bars and drinks are equivalent to meals, and synthetic nutrient supplements may be substituted without effect for their naturally occurring equivalents.
The utility associated with the higher content of fat increase for informed consumers, showing a substitute effect.
Pg is gasoline retail price, PGAS is gas retail real price to analyse the substitute effect in the demand process, CPI is consumer price index, PPI is producer price index, COST is unleaded regular gasoline costs (insurance and freight), PWTI is WTI spot price, Pres is residual fuel oil price and Pdst is distillate fuel oil price.
Viitanen et al. (2007) found a similar substitute effect in Europe.
The substitute effect on atomic partial charge Δpc was balanced between the atomic partial charge of the substituted phenol and phenol, and was well correlated with ΔpKa (r > 0.900; Table S5; Hanai, 2003).
Hanai (2003) developed another approach to estimate the pKa: the pKa is the sum of the pKa (base compounds) derived from the atomic partial charge (apc) of basic compounds, and of ΔpKa (substitute effect) derived from the difference in the atomic partial charge between derivatized and base compounds.
Whilst there was no significant difference in community health service costs at either follow up point, patients in the CBT group did record fewer contacts with mental health services than patients in the other groups, suggesting CBT has a substitute effect for other mental health services.
In addition, we found that job enrichment substituted for the effects of transformational leadership on affective commitment, whereas goal setting enhanced relationships between transformational leadership and both affective commitment and performance.
The X-ray crystal structure of Ub (PDB: 1UBQ) shows glutamine 40 (Q40) oriented toward the C-terminus, and studies in yeast demonstrated that this residue can be substituted without deleterious effects on Ub function.
