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Reducing source data uncertainties requires careful methods to substitute space for time.
By choosing populations distributed along an agricultural gradient, it is possible to substitute space for time with populations far from agriculture representing more ancestral populations (i.e. with respect to pesticide use) and populations closer to agriculture representing derived populations (Cothran et al. 2013).
Reciprocal transplant experiments and other common gardens assessed at a single point in time (synchronic studies) substitute space for time when used as climate change experiments and do not directly assess the capacity for and maximum rate of rapid local adaptation to contemporary climate change (Box 1).
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L. 115 91, § 1601(b)(1)(D), substituted "space rapid capabilities" for "operationally responsive space".
L. 115 91, § 1601(b)(1)(F), substituted "Space Rapid Capabilities" for "Operationally Responsive Space".
L. 115 91, § 1601(b)(1)(E), substituted "space rapid capabilities" for "operationally responsive space" in introductory provisions and pars.
Most of the examples we found required substituting space for time and thus constituted weaker inferences.
Substituting space for time likely provides more robust predictions for phenotypic plasticity; plasticity that is induced by spatial climate variation is also likely to be induced by climate variation through time.
Although that was done, the typesetters in many instances merely substituted blank spaces for the quotation marks, apparently to avoid the necessity of reconfiguring entire lines of type.
While provenance trials are usually synchronic, substituting space-for-time when used to examine responses to climate change, dendrochronological analyses of the annual growth rings of trees allow for the analysis of phenotypic plasticity in response to temporal climatic variation (Box 1).
Some of these people are restive and see Facebook as a substitute public space for speech and dissent that their own authoritarian regimes don't provide.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com