Regulations under the Affordable Care Act and Dodd-Frank Act, which limit prices, control entry, and dictate what consumers may purchase, inevitably substitute regulators' preferences for consumers' and limit the products and arrangements that could emerge from competitive markets.
This newspaper favours legal abortion, but in Roe the justices invented the law rather than interpreting it, substituting their preferences for those of voters.
The English economist William Jevons, one of the founders of the marginal utility school of analysis, derived many of his ideas from Bentham; and "welfare economics," while substituting comparative preferences for comparative utilities, reflected the basic spirit of the utilitarian philosophy.
It does not, however, give judges licence to substitute their policy preferences for those of Parliament.
Second, many think judges should not substitute their personal preferences for the law.
Mr. Lowsen suggests the use of economic status as a substitute for racial preferences.
Judicial activism occurs when a judge substitutes his policy preference for what a law should say for what the law in fact says.
The analogues that have benzoxazole, benzothiazole and pyridine substituted benzimidazole show preference towards GGCC rich DNA rather than CCGG, AATT and TTAA rich DNA.
We also showed that there is no substitute policy, including preferences based on socioeconomic class, that would generate as much racial and ethnic diversity as affirmative action, given the large numbers of working-class non-Hispanic whites and Asians in the applicant pool.
However, for a transparent practical application, the general expert preferences, which substitute the legal valuation and assessment standards, have to be presented separately from the preferences of local politicians and stakeholders.
Aggregate data on patient preferences are however not a substitute for elicitation of individual preferences when clinicians discuss treatment choices with their patients.
