But when the price of gas goes up, we have no substitutes: pay more, or stay put.
"The Board of Education believed it was a financial decision, but we don't buy that because a clause in the teachers' contract ties substitute pay to teachers' severance pay.
Our results are consistent with Bonsang's (2009) earlier findings that informal care is a substitute for paid domestic help and nursing care, but the substitution effect tends to disappear as the level of disability of the elderly person increases.
The work she found as a substitute teacher paid only $100 a day.
Policies commonly emphasise that volunteers are no substitute to paid professionals.
Some school districts that have contracted with Kelly to place substitutes have paid up to $30 in fees per subs that are not passed down to the subs".
A newly minted software engineer graduating from the elite Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) is a highly coveted individual.The industry's fast growth is only partly due to substituting highly paid jobs in the West with much cheaper ones in India.
In some districts, substitutes are paid as little as $12.50 an hour.
It also assesses caregiver work status and whether informal caregiving substitutes for paid work.
The work-related cost due to productivity loss in unpaid work was calculated only if the unpaid work of patients with UPS was substituted by paid professionals.
