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To summarize, to substitute knowledge of the underlying mechanisms affected by an intervention, and thereby knowledge of the patients most likely to benefit from the intervention, by integrating studies with insufficient characterization of treatment and subjects into a meta-analysis will not expand knowledge.
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Hence, citizens should not seek to substitute their knowledge for that of a potentially more knowledgeable Elite but direct their energy at revisions of social and institutional mechanisms that enhance the Elites' accountability.
"You substitute producer knowledge for blindly using inputs," Davis says.
As ImClone's investors learned, to their dismay, reputation is no substitute for knowledge.
"We, on the other hand, have developed a fog of myths about them as a substitute for knowledge," he writes.
But technology is often a poor substitute for knowledge: "Drop any of us in Death Valley and unless we had an RV fully stocked with all sorts of supplies we'd be dead in a week," he said.
Prior to the rise of anthropology and the scientific study of religion, an appeal to revelation and authority as a substitute for knowledge or warranted belief might have been thought to have considerable force.
An even more alarming consequence is that mandatory "say on pay" votes may be forcing boards and compensation committees to substitute their knowledge of the company for the perceived wisdom of proxy advisers' guidelines.
There's no substitute for knowledge gained from experience.
Whitman wants it to remain concentrated, dismissing diversification as a poor substitute for knowledge.
To overcome this barrier a computer aided method is required to substitute expert knowledge in the process.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com