Younger and smaller firms which are "entrepreneurial" in nature and which are innovative contributed to higher sales growth of SMEs compared to older and larger firms which are "salary-substitute firms" in nature and which are not innovative.
Use all peas, or substitute another firm vegetable.
But what's really smart about this service is that it allows you to specify which online broker you use and will automatically substitute that firm's exchange-traded funds that trade free so that you can minimize trading costs.
If workers organize plant level unions and goods are substitutes (complements), firms centralize (decentralize) negotiations.
However, two research design choices make it difficult to discern the nature of the peer information that substitutes for firm information.
It has also squeezed labour's overall share of the pie, as firms substitute ever-cheaper machines for less-skilled workers.
This asymmetric result is, for instance, consistent with Grossman (1982): when the wages of natives are inflexible downward, firms substitute toward the relatively cheaper foreign labor.
Specifically, these energy-intensive firms substitute the decreasing energy (− 1.03%) and capital (− 0.09%) use upon an energy price increase of 1% with a higher input of material (+ 0.11%) and, to a lesser extent, labor (+ 0.03%).
The shares of male wage employees covered by social security (pensions and health insurance) and employment regulations (annual extra monthly wage, paid vacation time, paid sickdays, wage equal or above the minimum and working hours equal or below the legal maximum) increase at the province-sector level, i.e., firms substitute formal wage employees for informal wage employees.
Paternalism, they argued, was a poor substitute for a firm hand when it came to managing the enslaved.
Marcus Samuelsson discovered it in Asian restaurants in San Francisco and finds it a wonderful substitute for the firm-fleshed cod he knew in Sweden.
