In arguing against the view that "the proper measure of scientific achievement is the extent to which it brings us closer to" the ultimate goal of "one full, objective true account of nature," Kuhn suggested that we should "learn to substitute evolution-from-what-we-know for evolution-toward-what-we-wish-to-know" (Kuhn 1970, p. 171).
Critics however, claim that there is simply no scientific evidence to back this theory, and that attempts to get it in the classroom are moves by the religious community to legitimize creationism as a substitute for evolution.
Water molecules or sidechains can usually satisfy the hydrogen bonding potential of mainchain functions that are at the protein surface in a variety of ways and so the residues are often substituted in evolution.
When R is not sterically demanding, or when the second olefin is too substituted, the evolution of B syn into C is more difficult and the formation of D becomes competitive, thus leading to the formation of 3.[ 3d– f, 10] The same mechanistic manifold is operative for substrate 4 a, thus leading to the formation of 5 and 6.
There is nothing wrong with sometimes using these euphemisms as a substitute for the word evolution.
At post-transduction level, the D1 reversible phosphorylation has been proposed as a more energy-efficient mechanism selected during evolution to substitute the function of multiple gene members [16].
Dr. Andrew Ellington, a professor of chemistry and biochemistry at the University of Texas, has used such forced evolution, completely substituting an unnatural amino acid for one of the 20 natural ones.
Several of these virocentric proposals claimed that viruses had played a fundamental role in cellular evolution by substituting whole cellular systems with genes and proteins of viral origin.
This study demonstrates a viable strategy to design more active photocatalysts for photocatalytic H2 evolution by substituting noble metals with more abundant elements using as HER and OR cocatalysts, respectively.
Both studies assessed the conservation of E. coli (and B. subtilis) TFs and regulated genes across more than 100 genomes, showing that TFs are flexibly substituted in the course of evolution.
It remains a huge challenge to develop non precious electrocatalysts with high activity to substitute commercial Pt catalysts for hydrogen evolution reactions (HER).
