That way the United States will return to trade equilibrium, while surplus countries will be forced to substitute domestic demand for external demand if they want to grow and, ultimately, to protect the long-term value both of the dollar and of their huge holdings of Treasury bonds.
IT SOUNDS a great business to be in: a product with no known or even imaginable substitute, ever-growing demand, tied customers.
Many of America's big trading partners, like Japan and Europe, also have moribund economies, so they cannot substitute for lost demand from American consumers.On the mend, shakilyIn spite of this, there will be a recovery.
But more importantly, they're starting to use it as a substitute for the demand for human innovation.
A purely protective duty tends to shift production away from the export industries and into the protected domestic industries or other industries producing substitutes for which demand is increased.
If domestically produced goods bear the same taxation as similar imported goods, or if the foreign goods subject to duty are not produced domestically, and if there are no domestically produced substitutes toward which demand is diverted because of the tariff, then the duty is not protective.
Finally, researchers argue that the increased availability of nicotine substitutes will reduce demand for tobacco products and increase the price sensitivity as well.
MOSCOW — Prime Minister Vladimir V. Putin unveiled his economic recovery plan for Russia in a speech to Parliament on Monday, which in sharply focused terms explained the need to generate domestic consumer demand to substitute for shriveling oil exports.
Pg is gasoline retail price, PGAS is gas retail real price to analyse the substitute effect in the demand process, CPI is consumer price index, PPI is producer price index, COST is unleaded regular gasoline costs (insurance and freight), PWTI is WTI spot price, Pres is residual fuel oil price and Pdst is distillate fuel oil price.
Ethanol is assumed as a direct substitute for gasoline energy demand.
