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They were issued in smaller denominations in the 1873 panic, and were maintained by member banks as a substitute currency in later financial crises, including the depression which began in 1893-1894.
The expansion adds a sixth player, introduces daily reports from the Communist party official newspaper "Trybuna Ludu" to affect game play, introduces vodka as a substitute currency, and includes blank cards to add your own events.
After assuming office, for example, Mnangagwa successfully negotiated with the African Export and Import Bank to provide support for importers, as well as US$3000 million in new guarantees to allow the central bank to increase printing of "bond notes" – a substitute currency that locally has the same value as the U.S. dollar.
As recently as 2012, British supermarkets were reporting bulk thefts of chewing gum, which is used in some parts of Romania as a substitute currency.
Americans often responded to the periodic scarcity of small change by the resourceful production of substitute currency.
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Singer: I think retail currency investors will be careful about this FX development because notwithstanding the ongoing re-pricing of the USD [U.S. dollar] the euro has not demonstrated itself as a truly substitute reserve currency and, frankly, has not lived up to its expectations.
Even while calling for a global substitute for the dollar's reserve currency role, Beijing has essentially returned the yuan to a dollar peg, a policy it formally abandoned back in 2005 in favor of multiple foreign currency reference points.
China has suggested using the quasi-currency as a substitute for the dollar as the world's reserve currency.
There are also the practical difficulties involved in substituting one currency for another.
Rwandan Army officers have moved to replace Congolese business managers with Rwandans in areas under their control, and have substituted Rwandan currency for Congolese money, the panel found.
The combined total of covered money substitutes plus currency is what economists call the monetary base.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com