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Nor have substitute contract teachers been considered, due to the impossibility of consistently locating and contacting them, as they are generally not included in the teaching programmes published by the various institutions.
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"One explanation is that when institutions and technology are underdeveloped, honesty is important as a substitute for formal contract enforcement.
However, when longer duration contracts facilitate the exchange of relationship specific assets, the parties substitute short-term contracts with financial covenants in order to reduce moral hazard.
Undrill warns that even if these conversations take on a supervisory nature, they are no substitute for properly contracted, regular supervision [ 17].
A novation or assumption simply substitutes one mortgage contract for another.
"The Board of Education believed it was a financial decision, but we don't buy that because a clause in the teachers' contract ties substitute pay to teachers' severance pay.
For example, public or third-party grading standards that evaluate all verifiable product characteristics of value to buyers at the time of delivery can substitute for a marketing contract that specifies these same requirements.
For example, in the short run it may be possible to increase teachers' attendance by monitoring them with cameras, or by having the flexibility to substitute regular teachers with contract teachers.
Mattel executives said they did not know if the contract manufacturer substituted paint from a noncertified supplier or if a certified supplier caused the problem.
The union that represents workers at a Tyson Foods poultry plant in Tennessee has negotiated a contract that substitutes a Muslim holiday for Labor Day as one of the eight paid holidays at the plant.
We also find that contracting can substitute for equity ownership as a control mechanism.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com