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We did not substitute concentrations below the limit of detection, as this practice can introduce bias in estimation of human health outcomes [ 24, 25].
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We used machine-observed concentrations without substituting concentrations below limits of detection (LODs), consistent with contemporary methods aimed at minimizing associated bias (Richardson and Ciampi 2003; Schisterman et al. 2006).
The effects of substituting increasing concentrations of dried, shredded beet pulp for corn silage on dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, and milk production of lactating dairy cows was evaluated under conditions of ambient heat stress.
We evaluated the effects of substituting various concentrations of dried molassed sugar beet pulp (SBP) for barley grain in low-forage diets on chewing behavior, ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibilities and blood biochemical parameters using four ruminally cannulated Holstein steers in a 4 × 4 Latin square design over 28-day periods.
An alternative and more promising approach would be to substitute protein concentration by centrifugal ultracentrifugation by ion exchange chromatography or tangential flow filtration steps.
In the same organelle, currents were recorded with 48 mM luminal NMDG-Cl while substituting symmetrical concentrations of cytoplasmic anions in an NMDG-based solution.
The results demonstrate that the substituted boron concentration in the hexagonal carbon lattices can be easily controlled by regulating the triisopropyl borate concentration.
Therefore substituting fibrinogen concentration to values above 150 mg dL-1 had no additional effect on clinical relevant endpoints in this specific animal model.
For example, the covariate-adjusted hazard ratio for delivery on the next day for each unit change of di- ortho substituted PCB concentration was 1.07 (95% CI 1.00, 1.16).
For example, the covariate-adjusted hazard ratio for delivery on the next day comparing the highest tertile of di- ortho substituted PCB concentration to the lowest was 1.29 (95% CI 1.04, 1.59); comparing the second highest tertile of di- ortho substituted PCB concentration to the lowest gives a hazard ratio of 0.99 (95%CI 0.80, 1.23).
However, the results of our study also show that substituting fibrinogen concentration to values of more than 150 mg dL-1 had no additional effect on clinical relevant endpoints in this specific animal model, if no other coagulation factors or thrombocytes were transfused.
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