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If protected conduct is made criminal and the law which does so remains unexamined for its substantive validity, its stigma might remain even if it were not enforceable as drawn for equal protection reasons.
At an early stage of task development, the whole pool of 22 IP tasks were checked on their substantive validity (Bley et al. 2015).
By discussing all items with seven experts, who are instructors in empirical research methods for students of HRE&M at the LMU, content as well as substantive validity were ensured.
These focus groups were also carried out for ensuring (2) substantive validity through discussing the cognitive solution processes (including the tasks' scoring) intended to be activated by the test tasks with the experts.
The Embassy listed arguments being made by supporters of the coup to claim its legality, and dismissed them thus: "none... has any substantive validity under the Honduran constitution".
Results from non-parametric methods are thus presented for optimal substantive validity.
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The evidence of the substantive aspect of validity is supported by the research into misconceptions and measurement theory.
It must also respect substantive limits on its validity.
The types of criteria are not specified, other than they should be few and address substantive threats to the validity of the study results.
Yet in the absence of clear and objective standards of clinical significance – standards that are often unavailable – the requirement of "clinical significance" as the trigger of an ethical obligation to disclose may prove idiosyncratic and thus morally suspect – responding to the contexts in which such judgments are made rather than the substantive elements of clinical validity and utility.
There is today no substantive way to assess the validity of Walker's charges.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com