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Implementing the substantive ideal of democratic equality might conflict with other justice norms (Estlund 2000).
Affirmative action might be a means to advance fair equality of opportunity (FEO) or some other substantive ideal of equality of opportunity.
But they reject Okin's claim that the state should promote a particular substantive ideal of family life (Lloyd 1995, 1340 1341; Lloyd 1998, 218; McClain 2006, 78).
Others hold that the state may not be guided by a substantive ideal of family life (Alstott 2004, 114; see also Nussbaum 2000, 279 280; and Wolf-Devine 2004).
Others are not convinced that there is a necessary connection between this kind of justice in families and the development of girls' autonomy capacities (Lloyd 1995, 1335 1343), and hold that the state may not be guided by a substantive ideal of family life (Alstott 2004, 114; see also Nussbaum 2000a, 279 280; and Wolf-Devine 2004).
One might then espouse a substantive ideal of democratic equality, which would be satisfied in a formally democratic society just in case any individuals with the same political talent and the same ambition to influence public policy have the same prospect of influencing public policy choice (Rawls 1999, 2001; Christiano 1996).
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The question then arises whether any further substantive ideals of equality, beyond meritocratic ideals, should be affirmed.
One family of substantive equality ideals, equality of democratic citizenship and civil liberties, is perhaps no more controversial than formal equality of opportunity.
The Lockean critique or rather counter-assertion of libertarian rights in the face of contrary claims that people have rights to equal opportunity applies to formal as well as to substantive equal opportunity ideals.
So while Mr Obama will use his visit to Hiroshima to revisit his anti-nuclear ideals, the substantive US-Japanese dialogue will be concerned with nuclear deterrence in the face of China's military build-up.
Formal and substantive equality of opportunity ideals require more than avoidance of discrimination.
Related(20)
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organic ideal
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substantive example
functional ideal
tangible ideal
professional ideal
substantive record
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substantive reason
substantive oversight
substantive change
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substantive disagreement
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