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Chronic exposure studies suggest relatively broad susceptibility to cumulative effects of long-term repeated exposure to fine particulate pollution, resulting in substantive estimates of population average loss of life expectancy in highly polluted environments.
Other covariates such as being young, having low social support and reporting road injury in the past year at baseline had predictive AORs ranging from 1.4 to 1.6, but these substantive estimates were not statistically significant for overall injury.
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Relative to earlier studies on response styles which generally only verified the existence of response styles, the MIRT model is also capable of correcting ERS bias in providing substantive trait estimates.
If the residual plots from these models suggested any persistent non-normality, a sensitivity analysis was conducted comparing models fitted both with and without any potential outliers (since this revealed no difference in the substantive findings, estimates from the analysis of the full dataset are reported in Section 3).
This meant that we found no substantive differences between estimates of the mean based on the original plausible values and estimates of the mean based on the plausible values obtained from the five models using a rotated student-context-questionnaire design in mathematics, reading, or science.
We observed substantive differences between estimates of 3-year disease-free survival and 5-year overall survival with log-normal and Cox models, with greater data support for the log-normal fitted model in the first 3 years with the ACCENT database.
Previous work [15] has established that the version 4 DMSP-OLS Nighttime Lights Time Series dataset has some substantive benefits in estimating quantifiable economic activity.
The three levels of spatial buffer did not make a substantive difference in estimated exposures.
Substantive models were estimated on the matched samples with coefficients averaged and SEs adjusted according to Rubin's rules.
This paleontological dating is in substantive agreement with molecular estimates for the origin of H. sapiens based on DNA divergence observed among modern human populations (e.g., Harpending and Rogers 2000; Behar et al. 2008; Campbell and Tishkoff 2008).
Since this was a small study (effective sample size of 36), we judge that full integration of outcome data from this study into meta-analyses (1) and (2) will have no substantive impact on current estimates of summary effect sizes.
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