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Instead, Obama has reestablished credibility on the deficit at zero substantive cost.
So those were the options as of last week: A massive policy giveaway that won Obama some centrist credibility at immense substantive cost, or else let the economy get killed.
But until we join the rest of the industrialized world, where health care is publicly financed and a public good, we are unlikely to see the substantive cost controls that misdirected schemes like "pay for performance" supposedly address.
The resulting interdependence also carried a substantive cost in terms of shared vulnerabilities and increased exposure to systemic risks.
It is also reasonable to assume that this would lead to substantive cost savings to the institution in the medium-term, in terms of financial costs no longer incurred.
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Advocates of extensive tax expenditure reduction argue — correctly — that all deficit reduction choices involve substantive costs and are politically difficult.
Given the high international prevalence of obesity and the substantive costs of management of the associated co-morbidities, the need to develop pharmacological strategies to reduce appetite and support weight-control regimes has never been greater.
The best radiological means of measuring femoral offset is CT; however, the substantive radiation dose, cost, and artifacts caused by metallic implants mean that it is not routinely used in clinical practice for postoperative examinations or in large cohort studies.
From the start of June, asset managers will only be allowed to spend their clients' dealing commissions on "substantive research" and the cost of executing trades.
As irresponsible as that might be from the point of view of individual House Republicans, the fact is that their party has set up an incentive structure that pushes them in the "post-policy" direction of choosing symbolic wins at the cost of substantive losses.This puts the question of a breakdown of the rule of law in a different perspective.
Martin Sutton, a company spokesman in London, said the cuts represented the most substantive element of a cost-saving review that began after the $68 billion merger last December of Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com