For either such definitions include substantive characterizations of what it is to be an expert, or they don't.
If the general conception of grounding just articulated is correct, then a substantive orienting characterization of grounding is as follows: grounding tout court is the coarse-grained metaphysical relation that unifies various metaphysical relations.
That characterization is clear and substantive enough to do real philosophical work, while respecting the typical physicalist's desire to be seen as putting forth a contingent thesis.
In light of disagreement about which entities play the role of possible worlds, no characterization of haecceitism that makes substantive assumptions about the nature of possible worlds will prove acceptable to all ersatzists.
Jerome L. Himmelstein, professor of sociology at Amherst College, argues the term "extremism" when used in social science is at best a characterization that "tells us nothing substantive about the people it labels," and at worst the term "paints a false picture".
Dramatic improvements in upper mass range and signal-to-noise ratios, in addition to substantive increases in sensitivity and resolution allowed the characterization of an expanded population of both protein N- and O-linked glycans.
Ms. Reno, in a letter to Mr. Rudman, said that the subject matter in the report was beyond the "substantive expertise" of the authors, that the report's characterizations were not adopted as government policy and that the document had never received proper vetting from government officials.
As things stand, it therefore seems appropriate to regard such a principle as providing a minimal but substantive addition to (P.1)–(P.3), one that goes beyond the basic characterization of 'part' provided by M. We shall label the resulting mereological theory MM, for Minimal Mereology.
But a good characterization of the distinction should not rule on a substantive matter in this way.
The epistemic characterization of this solution concept is in terms of "substantive rationality" and common belief that all players are substantively rational (cf. also Vanderschraaf & Sillari 2009: sec. 2.8).
