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That's a substantially smaller population than that of another large marine predator whose numbers were reduced in the 19th and 20th centuries by whaling and other human activities: killer whales, which number around 1145 in the same area.
Owing to the high spontaneous germline mutation rate of some minisatellites (>1000 × higher than most protein-coding loci), a PPI effect could be detected in a substantially smaller population than required to detect mutations in protein-coding loci (Dubrova et al, 1993, 1996, 1997).
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For substantially smaller populations, the timescale of mutation will be less than the timescale of drift to fixation within the population and there will be less power to detect deviations from neutrality with this method.
Previous studies included substantially smaller study populations [15, 16] or used other techniques as a standard of reference (TIMI flow in a previous report [17] vs. SPECT MPI in the present study).
Furthermore, the analysis population was substantially smaller than the all randomised population in the de Gramont trial, and only patients with measurable disease were included in the response rate analysis in the EORTC/AIO study.
As leprosy is much less common than tuberculosis, the effective population size of M. leprae is thought to be substantially smaller than the effective population size of M. tuberculosis [ 38].
Furthermore, it is likely that local population census and effective population sizes are substantially smaller than these conservative global estimates.
These results suggest that impacts for Adult WIA participants receiving UI benefits are substantially smaller than for the full population of Adult program participants, consistent with the view that the benefits of WIA for those who lose "good" jobs may be smaller than for workers with poorer work histories.
In comparison with NOx, cross-border influences of VOC emissions on both Canadian and U.S. populations are substantially smaller and more local in nature.
The IMa2 analysis also supports this notion with a parameter estimate for the effective population size of T. alpinus (NeALP = 430,625), substantially smaller than the estimate of the effective population size of T. minimus (NeMIN = 1,448,317).
It often happens that the effective population size is substantially smaller than the number of individuals in any one generation.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com