We find that seniors in the United States substantially outperform seniors in China, India, and Russia by 0.76-0.88 SDs and score comparably with seniors in elite institutions in these countries.
Pediatric medical and surgical case subgroups gave very similar results, and both groups differed substantially from seniors.
"That reduces the possibility of a Lehman moment quite substantially," Jacob Kirkegaard, a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics in Washington, said during a conference call on the crisis.
However, women have remained substantially underrepresented in the senior last author position during the same time.
At that level, women held a substantially larger share of senior roles in the executive branch than they did in Congress or in corporate America.
"The odds that the I.M.F. will step in have increased substantially," said Domenico Lombardi, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, a research group in Washington.
"We're seeing more and more individuals coming into the market, and we're seeing our trading volume move up substantially," said Charles Kutcher, a senior vice president of Fidelity Discount Brokerage, which has been opening new accounts at the rate of 1,000 per day, triple the number of a year ago.
"There is not an independent person that has looked at that ad, not one person that's looked at that and said it's remotely and substantially true," Robert Gibbs, a senior adviser to the president's campaign, said on MSNBC on Wednesday morning.
"We thought it was surprising that the rate was so low and that it has fallen fairly substantially in the last decade," said senior researcher John Horrigan.
Although Canadian local governments are generally seen as substantially inferior to the two senior levels of government, those in British Columbia have in fact managed to achieve quite a bit of autonomy due to non-constitutional factors.
"This study provides clear evidence that regular consumption of red meat, especially processed meat, contributes substantially to premature death," said senior author Frank Hu, professor of nutrition and epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health.
