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While Ras, MEKs and Erks were substantially activated at 0.3 U/ml Epo, activation of STAT5 was already seen at 0.01 U/ml Epo.
Unless otherwise stated, incubation times with ET-1 were dependent upon the time at which individual signaling components are substantially activated: 30 s for RhoA.GTP loading [25], 5 min for activation of ERK1/2 [26] or p38-MAPKs [27], 15 min for activation of JNKs [28] and 1 h for expression of immediate early genes [10].
P-Rex is substantially activated by the lipid second messenger PtdIns 3,4,5 P3, which is generated by the activity of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), suggesting that PtdIns 3,4,5 P3 may be an upstream trigger for enhancing Rac activity.
The time courses show further that all areas are substantially activated during the whole period of each condition (as evidenced by the mean activity exceeding the confidence interval (dashed line) of the mean activity during the 5 volumes prior to stimulus onset).
Remarkably, targeting Ldb1 or only its self-association domain to the β-globin promoter substantially activated β-globin transcription in the absence of GATA1.
Consistent with receptor-dependent apoptotic signaling, the nanoworm substantially activated caspase cascades in both cell lines.
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Furthermore, our results demonstrate that this compound is capable of substantially activating mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ uptake.
S. aureus does not substantially activate any TLR signalling in MEC.
Interestingly, GSN (150 nmol/min) did not substantially activate orexigenic MCH-containing neurons; less than 1% of LHA MCH neurons co-expressed FOS-IR (Figs. 2b and 3d d3).
This suggests that PLCγ1 is substantially more activated in Jurkat E6.1 T cells compared to HuT78 T cells or APBTs.
This is clearly seen in most SLE patients, but healthy individuals typically have substantially fewer activated lymphocytes.
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