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Possible, not mutually exclusive explanations for this pattern include: i) a substantial stochasticity in the dispersal/colonisation of the sites.
A much broader range of phenomena including the pervasive horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes and stress-induced mutagenesis that exists in most if not all cellular life forms combine clear Lamarckian elements with substantial stochasticity and could be most appropriately classified as quasi-Lamarckian [ 67, 72].
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For the assumed coefficient of selection (s = 0.5), changes in reproduction and death probabilities are rather small, which allows substantial influence of stochasticity.
Third, lifespan includes a substantial degree of stochasticity, varying dramatically even among genetically identical individuals raised in a constant and identical environment (Kirkwood et al., 2005).
The effect of stochasticity was also substantial using both SNPs and VNTRs, suggesting that estimations of CST rates will be generated with large uncertainty over the precise value.
For example, even though we allow for environmental stochasticity (which introduces a substantial amount of uncertainty into our model output) in our simulations, we lack precise estimates of process error (mainly demographic stochasticity).
Stochasticity gets significant when some discrete molecular events become rare.
However, the inherent stochasticity in population bottlenecks can lead to substantial variation across loci in the reduction of nucleotide diversity due to the bottleneck, further complicating the distinction between the effects of demography and natural selection [ 39].
Our stochastic model included both demographic and environmental stochasticity.
In its own right, this is an intriguing problem, and substantial effort is being mounted in many laboratories worldwide to reduce this stochasticity.
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