French larvae showed a more substantial predator-induced reduction in head orientations than Swedish larvae (Predator cue × Latitude, Table 1).
The predator reduction hypothesis maintains that lobster populations have surged because the overexploitation and subsequent collapse of natural predators like the Atlantic cod has released juvenile lobsters from substantial predation pressure [5].
As DNA from potential prey species is usually degraded to a substantial degree in predator feces [22], we implemented several of the measures for work with ancient DNA to avoid contamination [23].
Aboriginal populations living in Canada's northern regions are exposed to a number of persistent organic pollutants through their traditional diet which includes substantial amounts of predator fish species.
At the same time cost of mating is likely to be substantial as predation risk increases during mating, both directly through increased susceptibility to predators [17], and indirectly through increased risk of snails being dislodged to the more predator-rich subtidal [this study and 18], [19].
Taken together these studies provide substantial evidence that avian predators contribute to controlling arthropod abundances in forests of southern Sweden.
Among the most meaningful adaptations of the genus, several authors (Rocha et al. 2006; Eguiarte and Souza 2007) have highlighted the morphological and physiological defences against predators, and substantial diversity of reproductive mechanisms and pollinators.
This suggests that a stable grouping strategy may confer substantial benefits in this marine predator.
Invasive predators can have substantial effects on their native prey and often there is a need for rapid action to quell this impact.
"Large species represent a much more substantial meal to a would-be predator," he continued.
Notably, these apex predators also consume a substantial fraction of lower-trophic-level prey [ 9, 16], consistent with their versatile feeding morphology.
