Here we propose a generalization to the classical population genetic treatment of pairwise epistasis that yields expressions for epistasis among arbitrary subsets of mutations of all orders (pairwise, three-way, etc).. Our approach reveals substantial higher-order epistasis in almost every published fitness landscape.
In addition, discussions mediated by both ALVIS Live! and art supplies contained substantial evidence of higher order thinking.
When a minimum is not reached and the BIC/AIC does not show substantial decreases at higher orders, as here, model orders for EEG are usually chosen over a range (Brovelli et al., 2004; Staudigl et al., 2012).
Among a substantial number of works dealing with higher order Lipschitz equations with three-point boundary conditions, we mention [1] [14] and references therein.
Polymer alone (PVA concentration) or interaction effects of polymers (PCL-HPMC, PCL-PVA, HPMC-PVA, and PCL in higher order) have a substantial influence on particle size of microspheres.
The data presented here, along with previous work [6], indicates a substantial "top down" component of control over higher order structure formation that involves positioning within or molding of the SDV by the cytoskeleton.
Unlike the exchange of DNA episomes seen in prokaryotes, the cell membrane and cytoplasmic environment in higher order species present a substantial barrier for the trafficking of nucleic acids.
Multiple births from assisted reproductive technology (ART) have been reported accounting for a substantial proportion of twins and triplets and higher order infants [ 17].
That is a substantial claim, of considerable interest whether or not higher order theories are right.
Numerical calculations indicated substantial differences between the two models at low frequencies due to higher order terms omitted in the RC model.
However, the publication of the mouse ENCODE [ 14] revealed substantial divergence of sequences involved in transcriptional regulation, chromatin state and higher order chromatin organization between mice and humans, especially amongst genes involved in immune responses.
