The ultra-low permeabilities, combined with the requirement of substantial stimulation to achieve commercial flow rates, have led to the descriptor of "unconventional reservoirs" for shale plays (Pitabunkate et al. 2014; Islam and Patzek 2014; Passey et al. 2010; Shabro et al. 2011).
The shape memory alloy actuated design offers a 5-fold size and 4-fold weight reduction over the motor design, higher maximum back pressure, and substantial insensitivity of flow rate to back pressure at the cost of lower power efficiency and flow rate.
However, it has been reported that substantial ion suppression can occur at flow rates as low as 50 nL/min.
High flow rates in these systems account for substantial flow forces acting on the throttling elements of the valves and cause the application of mechanically sophisticated multi-staged servo valves for flow regulation.
This was based on previous findings showing that sweep gas flow rates higher than 8 L/min did not result in a substantial increase in CO2 removal under these defined conditions [1, 25].
The lengthy time during which the high-level CPAP is present results in substantial recruitment of alveoli of markedly different regional time constants, at rather low gas flow rates and lower airway pressures.
At elevated flow rates (average velocity of 3.8 mm/s), aggregation was inhibited, and there was a substantial decrease in average crystal size and yield.
Extended daily dialysis (1.3 m high flux polysulfone filter at blood flow rates of 140 ml/min, dialysate flow of 170 ml/min for 440 minutes) resulted in substantial clearance of TMP, with less clearance of SMX, and no report of clearance of SMX metabolites [ 30].
MEDUSA is a substantial expansion of our previously reported modular and multiplexable microcolumns, which achieve non-equilibrium selections by utilizing dynamic flow rates shown to optimize the enrichment of aptamers [ 13].
Air flow rates through room filters must be equivalent to several air changes per hour in order to achieve substantial control of airborne particulate matter [ 4].
