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Medication errors in the intensive care unit (ICU) are frequent and lead to attributable patient morbidity and mortality, increased length of ICU stay and substantial extra costs.
VAP prolongs length of stay by up to 50 days, duration of mechanical ventilation by 5 to 7 days, and generates substantial extra costs, in the order of US$10,000 to 40,000 per episode [ 2, 5, 6].
The impact on patient outcome is tremendous; BSI increases the mortality rate (6, 7 ), prolongs patient stay in an intensive care unit (ICU) and in the hospital (7 – 9 ), and generates substantial extra costs (7, 8 ).
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The only substantial extra cost is making 3D glasses.
It might seem a minor point, but since the nappies cost £1 each, and children like Celyn use up to eight a day, it is a substantial extra cost for the family to bear.
But critics say that the technique's advantage over X-rays has not been proved, except in certain rare tumors, and that proton therapy might not be worth the substantial extra cost.
The price of a short-stay visa is 60 euros (£53) and for some Europeans that means a substantial extra cost.
Exposure to urinary catheters is considered the most important risk factor for healthcare-associated urinary tract infection (UTI) and is associated with significant morbidity and substantial extra-costs.
Exposure to UC is currently considered the most important risk factor for healthcare-associated urinary tract infection (UTI) and is associated with significant morbidity [ 3- 5] and substantial extra-costs [ 6, 7].
15 17 BSIs lead to poor patient outcomes, 16 18 prolonged patient stays in the ICU and in the hospital, 16 19 20 and substantial extra medical costs.
Even if 100%% continuity of care is an unrealistic target, is it feasible to achieve a reasonably high degree of continuity without incurring substantial extra travelling costs?
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com