Sentence examples for substantial epidemics from inspiring English sources

Additionally, 2 blood collection organizations (ARC; Blood Systems) retrospectively performed individual donation NAT on cryopreserved plasma from 36,269 donations in 5 states with substantial epidemics to ascertain the proportion of low-level viremia missed by minipool-NAT and to assess, through recipient lookback, the infectivity of units harboring low-level viremia (15, 16 ).

However, past experience has shown that meningococci belonging to serogroups C, W, or X can cause substantial epidemics (8 – 10 ); therefore, continuing surveillance will be needed to determine how the epidemiology of meningococcal disease in the meningitis belt of Africa is changed by the successful introduction of PsA-TT (11 ).

A 2009 study from Southern Africa, Ferrand et al predicts a substantial epidemic among perinatally-infected adolescents despite previous assertions that few of these children would reach adolescence [5].

The high-risk areas we identified are defined as those areas where neighborhood transmission alone can already lead to substantial epidemic spread.

The substantial epidemic of diarrhoeal disease mortality in mid-1999 is notable both for its magnitude and short duration, as well as its drastic effects among children, comparing quarter 2, 1999 to the same quarters before and after (Fig. 3).

There was a modest downward trend in adjusted mortality over the 18-year period, with 1993 98 at 93% of the initial mortality (95% CI 84%too 102%), and 1999 2004 at 73%95%5% CI 67%to8181%) (adjusted for age group, area and gender), but behind these trends substantial epidemic peaks were observed.

A commonly used term for syphilis infection in Southern China is "Guangdong boils", thought to be related to the historical position of Guangdong as an important economic and trade hub that has concomitantly suffered from substantial syphilis epidemics in the past.

In epidemiology, substantial (local) epidemic spread is called a major outbreak to distinguish it from minor outbreaks implying self-limiting (local) spread.

Separate estimates were used for the numbers and distributions of deaths due to HIV/AIDS in countries with a substantial HIV epidemic [ 25].

As we explain below, the two new elements lead to risk maps with the following interpretation: When the virus is introduced in an area with local herd density above threshold, neighborhood transmission alone can already lead to substantial local epidemic spread, whereas in below-threshold areas this is not the case.

While similar hybrid CBO-clinic service models are sometimes found in high income nations [ 51, 52], these types of organizations are uncommon in low and middle income nations that have substantial MSM HIV epidemics.