These notions are corroborated by the substantial wage effects found in Lemieux (2014) and Yuen (2010) for Canada and Robst (2007) for the USA using a similar self-reported measure as in this article.
No substantial effects were found in the tested range of fluidizing gas velocities.
Mortality rates after three years were lower (24% versus 40%) and substantial effects were found for referrals to outpatient clinics (61% versus 79%) and also for hospital admissions, especially re-admissions.
HRs adjusted for components of the metabolic syndrome and randomization group (first 2 years of the follow-up) or baseline CRP level and randomization group did not yield substantial changes in the effects found.
Defenders of Head Start cite a number of other studies that find substantial effects for Head Start, including some that find that initial effects on achievement disappear.
Since then, many research studies and program evaluations have found substantial effects, and most social scientists who study the topic now believe that educational practices, such as discussion of controversial issues, hands-on action, and reflection, can influence students (Sherrod, Torney-Purta & Flanagan, 2010).
In addition, the study analyzes punitive damages' effects in areas of law in which one would least expect to find substantial effects.
Also Rosholm (2008) finds substantial effects, but he also shows that when controlling for time-varying indicators of treatment all positive effects vanish and some even become negative, the so-called locking-in effect.
Using multivariate models and PIAAC data, Heisig and Solga (2015) as well as OECD (2013a) find substantial effects of migration background on numeracy and literacy skills, after adjusting for parental education, educational attainment and occupation.
They found no substantial effects of contaminating normal cells on LINE-1 methylation.
