Because of their ability to aggregate privately held information, information markets substantial advantages over group deliberation.
Starting with the truth-oriented approach, what is the proof, or even substantial evidence, that public deliberation is conducive to truth, i.e., accuracy of judgment?
Both GPs and patients find it complicated to talk about the risk numbers and risk formats that may be a substantial part of the deliberation.
"The fact that there was substantial evidence of premeditation and deliberation does not necessarily mean there was substantial evidence of watching and waiting for an opportune time to act," Liu wrote for the majority.
The cumulative effect of this 'lost decade' of debate, discussion, and deliberation was a substantial exacerbation of the risk, cost, and time it took to develop new antibiotics, just at the time when scientific challenges and other economic realities were having the same effect.
Staff secretaries traditionally act as a powerful gatekeeper of all information that reaches the president's desk, and they have substantial influence over internal White House deliberations and the policymaking process.
For public deliberation to be meaningful and substantial, strong protections of procedural justice must be in place.
And either substantial participation of citizens in public deliberation entails the relative neglect of other tasks or the proper functioning of the other sectors of the society requires that most people do not participate intelligently in public deliberation.
to participate and discuss the options presented, or to present alternatives, with the views and concerns of the interested parties given effect unless the Secretary determines, from information available from or presented by the interested parties during one or more of the discussions and deliberations, that there is a substantial reason for another course of action.
After deliberations they decided to impose substantial fees on developers to mitigate traffic.
