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The centre of the disc, the nucleus pulposus, is an amorphous gel with a large bound water content and it can resist substantial compressive loads.
Increased fatigue resistance of the coated material was attributed to the substantial compressive residual stresses that hindered crack initiation and that was caused by the high velocity spray particles during the coating process.
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Substantial residual compressive stresses developed at 9 GW cm− 2 whilst they were preponderantly tensile and anisotropic at 6 GW cm− 2.
The texture in this zone is not significantly altered after mechanical unloading, despite the development of substantial triaxial compressive residual strains in this zone.
Sugar cane bagasse ash used as filler in concretes provided substantial improvements to compressive strengths at up to ≈20%.
The results prove that CFRCM confining jackets provide substantial gain in compressive strength, deformability and absorbed energy.
The substantial reduction in compressive strength of the heat-damaged columns was accompanied by a more severe deterioration in their axial stiffness of about 70%.
In this paper, we demonstrate a novel dispersion method of Tungsten di-Sulfide NanoTubes (WS2NTs) that results in substantial flexural and compressive strength enhancements at optimal nanotube concentration as low as 0.15 wt%.
At lower loading percentages, butanediol did not have substantial effect on compressive strength improvement, probably because the extender molecules were not enough to improve the crosslink between MDI and lignin.
Test results show that the use of fly ash resulted in significant improvement in compressive strength and substantial decrease in water absorption and capillary pores for blended cement mortars compared to OPC mortar.
In fact, elevated temperatures of about 550 °C have been reported to cause substantial reductions in concrete compressive strength reaching up to 70% of strength at ambient temperature (Georgali and Tsakiridis 2005).
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