If one assumed that there was substantial airway closure with the aerosol challenge, then at the same total lung volume, a smaller fraction of the lung would be inflated and this would require a higher Ptp for this fraction.
However, the unknowability of lottery propositions is not a substantial threat to closure, since it is not obvious that there are propositions that are both known to be true and that entail lottery propositions.
Second, although we demonstrate that the proportion of PUE cases positive for A(H7N9) decreased after LPM closure, the substantial decrease in reporting and testing immediately after market closure in Hangzhou may have resulted in missed cases and exaggerated the apparent effect of closure.
In contrast, the phonologically voiced velar stop /ɡ/ shows for EP a substantial devoicing throughout the complete stop closure, whereas the Italian /ɡ/ maintains voicing, i.e. no devoicing is present for Italian.
Although advocated as a social distancing measure that imposes less societal costs than workplace closures or public disruptions, it became evident during the Spring 2009 H1N1 pandemic wave that school closures imposed substantial costs in some instances.
And research suggests that the cutbacks, which have resulted in substantial redundancies and court closures, may not be saving taxpayers any money at all.
At societal level, the costs associated with school closures are substantial [ 7], making their economic justification difficult in the absence of high case fatality, even where highly effective [ 13].
During the Eyjafjallajökull eruption, the combination of eruption duration, meteorological situation and area of airspace closure lead to substantial economic loss, which was not restricted to airline and airport companies (Budd et al. 2011) but also affected industrial activities and goods production.
Textile and clothing industries have experienced a long period of decline in the face of strong foreign competition, with substantial job losses and plant closures affecting the major production areas of northern France and Rhône-Alpes (textiles), as well as Île-de-France (clothing).
In contrast to hospitals (where downsizing and closures have been substantial over the past decade), the numbers of nursing homes and nursing home beds have substantially increased, as have the number of residents >85 years of age.
