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The system of collective bargaining in Spain can be characterized by its large scope, intermediate degree of centralization, substantial inertia in wage indexation and homogeneity in wage setting decisions.
The wiki network is found to be non-central (i.e. degree centralization is 0.1457 and betweenness centralization is 0.060).
"The inconvenience to S.& P. of litigating in numerous different districts, as well as state courts, is high, and centralization allows for all parties to obtain substantial efficiencies in dealing with common issues," it added.
In announcing that Mr. Dubow would receive a hefty package, double the previous year, Gannett hardly shied away from part of what was driving the award: "The company achieved substantial expense reductions through a variety of efforts, including continued centralization and consolidation efforts and salary freezes, positioning the company for growth as economic conditions improve".
Betweenness centralization is moderate at all time steps, with substantial variation in terms of the confidence intervals.
In 1981, the Commission predicted a substantial increase in energy demand, but recognising the heterogeneity of preferences amongst Member States did not propose any 'substantial centralization of energy policy instruments' nor 'uniformity in the diversification of supply' (European Commission, 1981: 10).
Centralization was now the problem.
Germany and The Netherlands typify regional centralization under federal authority.
Globalization resists centralization of almost any kind.
Lincoln wasn't alone in prioritizing centralization.
Centralization would not replenish empty accounts.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com