Thus they affirm inter-substantial causation, insofar as the causal agent is God.
In this passage, Leibniz sets forth what he takes the metaphysical reality of apparent inter-substantial causation to amount to.
In explaining the thesis that there is no inter-substantial causation between finite substances in the Monadologie, Leibniz famously says: "monads have no windows through which something can enter or leave" (G 6 607; AG:214).
Leibniz's first reason for denying inter-substantial causation, that "one cannot explain how something can pass from one thing into the substance of another," is a clear reference to the influx theory of causation.
Unfortunately, however, this line of reasoning would seem to also rule out one case of inter-substantial causation which Leibniz allows, viz., God's causal action on finite simple substances.
Furthermore, we did not observe a tendency for a higher number of cases with a hospital diagnosis to occur during the earliest years following HUNT2, which would have been expected with substantial reverse causation.
Thus unemployment is regarded as substantial for the reversed causation.
Occupational biomechanical factors play a substantial role in the causation of CTS.
In offering his spirited and protracted defense of substantial forms, and of formal causation more generally, Suárez shows himself aware of the need to articulate and defend core features of his broadly Aristotelian framework, including some which later came in for harsh criticism.
But the real issue was causation.
Background: Social inequalities in health can to a substantial degree be explained by social causation.
