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(5) Heemskerk-Gerritsen, B.A.M. et al. Substantial Breast Cancer Risk Reduction and Potential Survival Benefit After Bilateral Mastectomy When Compared with Surveillance in Healthy BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers: A Prospective Analysis.
On balance, yes, if you are physician with a substantial breast practice.
Conversely, when PLD2 was overexpressed in a low invasive breast cancer cell line and xenotransplated into SCID mice, more substantial breast tumors arose.
For postmenopausal women, raloxifene showed substantial breast cancer risk reduction in the STAR study [ 7], although inferior to tamoxifen during follow-up [ 16].
Recently a heterozygous variant in the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene, IVS10-6T→G, was reported by an Australian multiple-case breast cancer family cohort study (the Kathleen Cuningham Foundation Consortium for Research into Familial Breast Cancer) to confer a substantial breast cancer risk.
Nonetheless, the substantial breast cancer case-control study of Ziegler et al [ 14*] among Asian-American women of age 55 years or younger pointed to the 'crucial importance of lifestyle and environment in the etiology of this disease.' In fact those investigators observed a sixfold gradient in breast cancer risk across migration patterns.
Inherited mutations in high-risk genes are involved in only a small proportion of breast cancers, but a substantial component of breast cancer risk may be determined by the sum of multiple smaller genetic effects.
Orally administered treatment with the new-generation aromatase inhibitors (AIs) plays an important role in the treatment of breast cancer resulting in substantial reductions in breast cancer recurrence [ 1, 2].
Owing to insufficiently accurate prognosis predictions, however, a substantial proportion of breast cancer patients with breast cancer of inherently good outcome receive adjuvant systemic therapy without gaining any benefit [ 5].
In large epidemiological studies, the highest quartile of mammographic density has shown a four- to sixfold increased risk of breast cancer [ 2, 3] and a substantial fraction of breast cancers may be attributed to this risk factor [ 4].
Reducing circulating steroid hormone levels with a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist [ 9, 10], or antagonizing effects of estrogens on breast tissue with tamoxifen [ 11], result in substantial reductions in breast density.
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