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However, in the absence of rhBMP-2, the use of nanofiber mesh tube and alginate did not result in substantial bone formation.
On the other hand, at 12 weeks substantial bone formation was observed for all CaP PLGA groups (ranging from 47 ± 25%to62±15% 15%), showing equal amounts of bone compared with the autologous bone group (82 ± 9%), except for CaP with DCP and large PLGA microspheres (47 ± 25%).
Only a small amount of new bone spicules was found around the hybrids when one million cells were seeded, while substantial bone formation was observed throughout the whole hybrids when three million cells were seeded.
To our knowledge, the only exception when nontransduced ASC led to substantial bone formation in the context of long-bone repair is a study by Han and Li, in which ASC were used as a control to Runx2-overexpressing cells.
For instance, 160 million cells would be required for 20 cubic centimeter of tissue engineered bone implant based on using 8 million cells/cm scaffold [ 15, 16] to gain substantial bone formation.
Viceconti et al. [ 55] pointed out through their statistical finite element analysis of over 1000 cases that the stem – endosteal canal differed by up to 1 mm at arbitrary locations on the interface and is prone to produce a grossly loosened stem in 2% of patients, while for another 3 – 5% the high level of expected micromotion makes it difficult to avoid any substantial bone formation.
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FLUORIDE Encourages strong bone formation.
These three groups failed to induce substantial new bone formation and resulted in the ingrowth of cells with fibroblast-like morphology into the defect zone.
In Figure 2C, we show that substantial periosteal bone formation and microdamage in the cortex are generated, when fatigue loading with a peak force of 20 N at 2 Hz until 15% stiffness loss is applied.
Radiographs demonstrate substantial new alveolar bone formation surrounding both implants and 7(l) versus Figures 7 d) and 7 k)).
At the distal ulna where this loading induced a substantial increase in bone formation, the number of sclerostin-positive osteocytes were markedly decreased (by approximately 60%).
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