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When we examine crime-involved and uninvolved places, there is a substantial and systematic decline in concentration from small units to larger ones.
The assessment of wood properties is further complicated by substantial and systematic variation within trees such as early-latewood and juvenile-mature wood transitions (Zobel and Sprague 1998).
Technical noise due to variable quality of measurements can be substantial and systematic differences in the analytical methods including array platforms and data normalisation can make comparisons across data sets challenging.
Proteomics is rapidly evolving into a high-throughput technology, in which substantial and systematic studies are conducted on samples from a wide range of physiological, developmental, or pathological conditions.
We cannot imply equivalence of these two approaches; we were not powered to do so, but can confirm that there was no indication of a substantial and systematic difference between the treatments.
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To treat according to body weight in resource-poor settings when thousands of doses are to be administered is considered problematic due to a substantial risk of technical and systematic measurement errors (2).
In the literature about meta-analysis and systematic reviews there is substantial attention to file-drawer publication bias (though most of this considers only bias from reporting statistically significant results, ignoring preferences for reporting more dramatic results or those that agree with authors' or journals' previous reports).
First, we based our content on rigorous foundational studies (20 focus groups and systematic literature reviews), which required substantial time and effort to conduct.
Wording A substantial amount of work has been produced to try to minimize bias and systematic error by refining the way information is elicited.
However, and importantly, we also showed that Chao's estimator can have a substantial bias (systematic error) when the Poisson assumption is violated.
The summed effect of all these differences, which we refer to as systematic discrepancy, could be substantial, and this, rather than pixel-scale white noise, may be the dominant factor explaining low correlations with PM2.5 seen in our exploratory analyses.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com