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Similar results are obtained for natural experiments: four of five studies find no effect of substantial alcohol tax reductions.
Substantial alcohol use combined with smoking has been found to greatly increase the risk of esophageal cancer in western countries [ 3, 4].
It could, for instance, be possible that substantial alcohol consumption, smoking or obesity could not be captured with the variables retrieved from the national registers.
(3) Substantial alcohol intake as a main contributor for ESCC has been proved by a large number of well-designed epidemiological studies.
The US product label of duloxetine includes hepatotoxicity in the "Warnings and Precautions" section and warns against prescribing this drug to patients with substantial alcohol use or evidence of chronic liver disease [ 23].
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by accumulation of fat in the liver, with or without inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, in the absence of substantial alcohol consumption or other causes of liver disease such as viral hepatitis.
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Men from disadvantaged areas experience substantial alcohol-related harm.
3 Thus, there is no plausible explanation for the substantial higher alcohol attributable fraction for liver cancer based on risk estimates computed in those who had never smoked.
Epidemiological studies indicate that a substantial proportion of alcohol users progress to problematic drinking or become alcohol dependent [ 7].
"For many people though these sessions add substantial amounts of alcohol to their annual consumption and inevitably increase their risks of developing alcohol related ill health".
The substantial role of alcohol needs to be highlighted, acknowledging both the high prevalence of problem alcohol use among current injectors and the relatively strong effect for its association with overdose.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com