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Because an integral coating with substantial adhesion is often not detached at all, the sternness of the test is typically improved by making a figure X cutting into the coat using a sharp scalpel with enough pressure to reach the metal substrate, then applying the tape and remove it.
To avoid substantial adhesion of insulin detemir and human insulin to plastic materials like the infusion lines, the insulin solutions were prepared using 48 mL NaCl 0.9% and 2 mL of the subjects' own blood.
Tip cells clearly adhere to their final alary muscle targets, but our movies also show distortion of transient muscle targets as the tubules move forward, suggesting substantial adhesion between tip cells and the more posterior alary muscles (Movie S2).
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Further analysis of these findings suggests that the substantial bond strength increase is attributable to simultaneous improvement of the interfacial adhesion to the substrate and the cohesive strength of the adhesive.
The morphology of the electrospun PES membrane, controlled by different electrospinning flow rates, was also demonstrated to have a substantial impact on adhesion, where a 5-fold increase of the adhesive strength was observed when the flow rate increased from 20 μL/min to 60 μL/min.
We note that there was substantial variation of adhesion forces from one cell to another, suggesting some heterogeneity in the cell population at these longer times.
The substitution of one fimbrial subtype for another has been proposed as a mechanism to evade the immune system without substantial loss of adhesion [ 47].
The substantial overexpression of adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and of VEGF was demonstrated in fibrovascular membranes in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, suggesting that these molecules might contribute to the development of PDR [ 40].
Monocytes adhere spontaneously to endothelial cell monolayers using a static assay, but substantial monocyte-endothelial adhesion under flow conditions demands preceding cytokine stimulation of the endothelial cells: E-selectin-L-selectin, ICAM-1-β2 integrin and in particular VCAM-1-VLA-4 interactions were shown to represent predominant adhesive forces under these conditions [ 25].
The health burden associated with infertility, abdominal pain, or bowel obstruction due to adhesions is substantial [7, 25, 26]; the total cost of adhesion-related morbidity in the US Health Care system exceeds $1 billion annually [27].
A substantial increase in interfacial adhesion and particle size reduction was observed, even at catalyst concentrations as low as 0.3 wt%.
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