Our results, which show a strong association of this composite substance dependence variable with PKNOX2 gene in a human sample, support the experimental findings in mice by Mulligan et al [22].
Several substances supposed to elevate central β-END levels: desmopressin, [ 416] and calcitonin [ 417, 418] have been tried with variable results and without measurement of CSF-levels.
Findings: Logistic regression analyses for each potential correlate adjusted for country, taking into account the clustered sample, showed statistically significant associations with each substance use variable separately, in almost every case.
The composite dichotomous substance dependence variable reflects cases with two or more addictions where the top three categories are alcohol, nicotine and cocaine (Figure 1).
Chlorella contains bioactive substances with medicinal properties.
The multi-substance use variable was created by first dichotomizing the original responses of each substance to 'never' or 'ever' having used each substance during the past year.
A four-category multi-substance use variable was then created by summing the newly created dichotomized substance use variables (cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana).
We use the constant stuff in environments flush with variables.
