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The substances were screened at 15 concentrations and classified as active, inconclusive, or negative, as described by Xia et al. (2011).
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In the analyses, around 200 substances are screened for.
In the European Union, maximum residue limits (MRLs) were fixed in bovine milk for 16 β-lactam compounds, ranging from 4 to 125 μg kg−1 (European Commission 2009; European Union 2010), and in many countries inhibitory substances are screened in routine in farm milk samples as part of the regulatory quality programme.
Each substance was screened to determine its active ingredients using accepted analytical techniques.
In a study by Strempel et al. [2], 94,483 substances of the European Inventory of Existing Commercial chemical Substances (EINECS register) were screened for PBT and vPvB properties.
Patients who entered substance abuse treatment were screened for IPV.
Patients referred for psychiatric treatment were screened for substance use problems using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) [ 19] and the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test DUDITT) [ 20].
Both patients and controls were screened for substance use with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) [ 35] and the South Westminster Questionnaire [ 36]; when appropriate, diagnoses of substance use disorders was made using the SCID.
Individuals with psychosis and controls were screened for substance use with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) 10 and the South Westminster Questionnaire; 11 diagnoses of substance abuse or dependence were assessed using the SCID.
Overall, 1,596 patients completed the SF-36 and an established SES-questionnaire and were screened for substance use (harmful alcohol consumption (≥ 8 points in men and ≥ 5 points in women on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), smoking and illicit drug use).
The DNA was extracted by using DNAeasy Blood and Tissue Kits (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) and by modifying the first step, which was conducted overnight at 56°C with 600 μL of ATL buffer (QIAGEN) and 50 μL of proteinase K. To verify the presence of inhibiting substance, the control DNA extracts were screened by using a PCR for human mitochondrial DNA (3 ).
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