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For example, assessing pairwise interactions between n substances requires a number of assays or analyses proportional to n(n – 1)/2, the number of pairs to examine.
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Results indicate that the reactor volume has minor effects on the relief area, and an increased mass of reacting substances requires an increased relief area.
Foods designed to have novel compounds or altered levels of natural substances require a special attention for unintended health effects, the committee concluded.
Any use of a banned substance requires an active TUE.
Regardless of the mechanism, an efficient protective substance requires an ortho or para dihydroxybenzene partial structure, is preferably uncharged with an alkyl chain and exhibits an overall lipophilicity exceeding a logP value of 2.5.
All research involving animal subjects (including humans), biological tissues or hazardous substances requires review by an independent committee to determine whether the proposed research poses inappropriate risks to either the subjects or the researchers.
This is a challenging task, since a reasonable selection of target substances requires detailed knowledge of the composition of construction products that can be the producers' proprietary know-how.
European chemicals legislation (registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of chemical substances (REACH)) requires a broad assessment of chemicals with respect to, inter alia, their health-relevant properties.
The normal exchange of benign substances requires active immune tolerance and it is this dimension that brings immunology more fully into focus as an ecological science.
The small molecular substances can be metabolized by individual strains, while the biodegradation of macromolecular substances requires the combined efforts of different strains, especially cellulose and lignin.
Withdrawal from alcohol or other illicit substances requires specific treatment and must not be confused with other types of delirium in the elderly postoperative patient.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com