In Wiseman's view, the university is a sort of permanent summer camp, a serene place apart where professors transmit to students the substance, practice, and ethos of their own exacting and disciplined research and, in turn, students also engage in self-disciplining and exacting enterprises of their own, whether in classes or in their extra-curricular activities.
And where does Araton draw the line as to which legal performance-enhancing substances and practices should be permissible and which should not?
The Puerto case implicated more than 50 cyclists including Alberto Contador, Ivan Basso, Jan Ullrich and Alejandro Valverde in the use of performance-enhancing substances or practices.
Thinking back to those substances and practices they brainstormed at the beginning of class, ask students to consider which of these might be constituted as "modern" addictions?
Ask students to brainstorm some "substances" or "practices" that could be viewed as addictive, as you note them on the classroom board.
By monitoring changes in these variables, researchers can determine if a competitor is using illegal substances or practices.
Coming from a slightly different angle, the precautionary principle represents an approach shifting the burden of proof in regulatory decisions from demonstration of harm to demonstration of safety of substances and practices.
One key area of socially relevant interdisciplinary science is risk assessment, which involves both research on the effects of various substances or practices and the evaluation of those effects once identified.
Philosophers of science have also worked to make visible the ways in which values play a role in the research assessing the effects of technoscientifically produced substances and practices themselves, as distinct from the challenges of assigning values to identified risks and benefits.
The USADA charged Armstrong with violating anti-doping rules by using a cornucopia of banned substances and practices, including "EPO, blood transfusions, testosterone, cortisone and HGH".
