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"Overall, early onset substance initiation, whether that is alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs, exerts a powerful influence over future health risk behaviors," they write.
These results suggest that substance initiation and dependence involve at least partially distinct familial factors.
Some twin studies suggest that substance initiation and dependence are part of a complex, two-stage process and that some genetic influences are stage-specific, acting on either the transition from abstinence to initiation, or on the transition from use to dependence.
A few studies suggest that continued medication use during adolescence improves academic outcomes and postpones substance initiation [ 8– 10].
The complex causal relationships between behaviour, health problems and substance initiation and use in adolescence, need to be addressed prospectively in a total population.
It seems plausible that environmental factors, such as accessibility (availability and cost), societal, familial and peer norms and values, are more important in substance initiation.
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However, it is unclear whether such broad-based programs are effective for youth at high risk for substance use initiation.
To describe the risks and risk factors for substance use initiation and progression among a large sample of American Indian (AI) adolescents.
Experience of early behavioural difficulties and early substance use initiation may influence socio-economic attainment, and later substance use.
Thus there may be several social, cultural, behavioral, and physiological reasons that influence substance use initiation and maintenance [ 13].
We expect to replicate the favourable effects of the SFP 10 14 programme in the United States in the area of substance use initiation, family functioning and individual psychosocial adjustment.
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